City Council Planning Sessions
Regular MeetingWheaton, IL · January 11, 2016
Minutes
MEMORANDUM
TO: Record
FROM: Susan Bishel, Public Relations Coordinator
SUBJECT: Jan. 11, 2016 City Council Planning Session Minutes
DATE: Jan. 12, 2016
CC: Mayor and City Council, City Manager, City Clerk, Department Heads
The Planning Session took place in the Council Chambers, Wheaton City Hall, 303 W. Wesley
St., Wheaton, Illinois. Those attending the Planning Session included: Mayor Gresk,
Councilwoman Fitch, Councilman Prendiville, Councilman Rutledge, Councilman Saline,
Councilman Scalzo and Councilman Suess. Also in attendance were City Manager Rose,
Assistant City Manager Dzugan, Director of Finance Lehnhardt, Fire Chief Schultz, and Public
Relations Coordinator Bishel. The session began at 7:01 p.m. and concluded at 8:15 p.m. The
following items were discussed:
I. Call to Order
The Wheaton City Council Planning Session was called to order at 7:01 p.m. by Mayor Gresk.
II. Approval of Nov. 23, 2015 Planning Session Minutes
The Council approved the Nov. 23, 2015 Planning Session Minutes.
III. Public Comment
There were no public comments.
IV. Selection of an Investment Consultant – Marquette Associates, Inc.
Director of Finance Lehnhardt stated the City issued a request for proposal soliciting qualified
firms to provide investment consulting and portfolio performance monitoring services for the
City’s operating funds. The goal is to engage the expertise of an investment consultant to assist
with asset allocation and optimizing the City’s investment returns.
The scope of services for the consultant will include: 1) reviewing the current investment policy
and guidelines, 2) helping the City select an investment manager(s), 3) monitoring and
evaluating the performance of the investment manager, 4) reporting on the investment
portfolio’s performance, and 5) attending meetings with City staff to discuss portfolio
performance and investments.
The City received eight proposals and evaluated the responses based on qualifications,
approach, samples of work, and costs of services and fees. City staff selected three consultants
for interviews and recommends the City select Marquette Associates based on their
qualifications and familiarity with state statutes that apply to the City’s investments.
In response to a Council question, Director of Finance Lehnhardt stated the investment
consultant would have oversight of approximately $50-55 million.
Paul Marchese of Marquette Associates made a presentation to the Council. Mr. Marchese
stated the Chicago-based consulting firm has approximately 250 clients, 44% of which are
public funds. The company oversees finances for municipalities including Naperville and Elgin
and for the Wheaton Firefighters Union.
In response to Council questions, Mr. Marchese stated the firm charges a flat retainer fee of
$30,000 per year.
Mr. Marchese stated the company has 68 employees, and the City would have direct access to
the firm’s research department. He reviewed their process for selecting investment managers
and the type of reporting they would provide. He stated their key objectives are security and
liquidity. The consultant would work to find the greatest yield for the City without a lot of risk, and
its focus would be on selecting investment managers that best meet the City’s needs.
In response to a Council question about the type of gain the City could have made over the past
year if it had used an investment consultant’s services, Mr. Marchese stated depending up on
the City’s investments, he would have expected a gain of approximately 3%-4% over the past 5
years, compared with approximately 1.5%.
In response to a Council question about how Marquette Associates holds the investment
managers they select accountable, Mr. Marchese stated they are in frequent contact with
managers, and if they are not performing to the level Marquette Associates expects, they have a
four-step notification system ranging from putting managers on alert up to termination, if
necessary.
Mr. Marchese answered a Council question about investment managers by stating the City
should have a minimum of two investment managers for risk and performance purposes, and
each manager would manage $20 million.
Mr. Marchese outlined what the next steps would be if Marquette is selected as an investment
consultant. They would develop an investment management contract; determine the cash flow
needs of the City and allocations over time; determine the type of return they might be able to
expect over time; perform an investment manager search; and provide monitoring services.
In response to a Council question, Mr. Marchese stated whenever there is a change in
investment managers or allocations, Marquette would analyze the investment policy guidelines,
which are always subject to the City Council’s approval.
The City Council expressed interest in selecting Marquette Associates as an investment
consultant. City Manager Rose stated City staff will prepare a contract for the Council’s formal
consideration at an upcoming City Council meeting.
V. EMS/Ambulance Service Fees
1/11/16 Planning Session 2
Assistant City Manager Dzugan stated the City last increased EMS/ambulance service rates in
2011, establishing a policy of collecting user fees equivalent to 70% of the City’s EMS program
costs. The remaining portion of the program has been funded by the City’s General Fund. City
staff sought the City Council’s direction as to whether it would like for the fees collected to cover
100% of the program’s costs. Such a change would make the program funding more like an
enterprise fund, in which fees cover the total cost of a program or service.
In response to questions about previous Council funding decisions, Assistant City Manager
Dzugan stated the user fees previously only covered 50% of the program costs, so the City
most likely selected the 70% funding level as a transition step from 50% to 100% funding
through user fees.
Fire Chief Schultz stated EMS/ambulance service billing is provided by Andres, a subcontractor
of the EMS/ambulance service.
In response to a Council question, Assistant City Manager Dzugan stated the amount the
patient will be required to pay might or might not increase, depending upon their insurance. He
stated that the amount that Medicare and Medicaid will reimburse the City for service will not
change; the City writes off the amount it has to pay to make up the difference between what
Medicare/Medicaid will pay the City and the established rate amount. Assistant City Manager
Dzugan stated there are several other factors that also could affect the amount the City will
receive in the future, such as the National Healthcare Act, which may reduce call volume.
Assistant City Manager Dzugan stated currently the City’s General Fund is paying about
$400,000 annually to fund EMS/ambulance services.
City Council members expressed interest in moving toward having fees cover 100% of the
program’s costs.
City staff stated they would provide the Council with more information about different options
using different scenarios.
VI. City Council/Staff Comments
There were no City Council/staff comments.
VII. Adjournment
The meeting was adjourned at 8:15 p.m.
1/11/16 Planning Session 3
Agenda
1. City Council Planning Agenda
Documents:
2016-01-11 CITY COUNCIL PLANNING AGENDA.PDF
2. City Council Planning Selection Of An Investment Consultant Ps04
Documents:
2016-01-11 CITY COUNCIL PLANNING SELECTION OF AN INVESTMENT
CONSULTANT PS04.PDF
3. City Council Planning Minutes
Documents:
2016-01-11 CITY COUNCIL PLANNING MINUTES.PDF
4. City Council Planning EMS-Ambulance Service Fees Ps05
Documents:
2016-01-11 CITY COUNCIL PLANNING EMS-AMBULANCE SERVICE FEES
PS05.PDF
5. City Council Planning Draft 2015-11-23 Minutes Ps02
Documents:
2016-01-11 CITY COUNCIL PLANNING DRAFT 2015-11-23 MINUTES PS02.PDF
WHEATON CITY COUNCIL PLANNING SESSION
WHEATON CITY HALL – COUNCIL CHAMBERS
303 W. WESLEY STREET, WHEATON, ILLINOIS
MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 2016 - 7:00 P.M.
AGENDA
I. Call to Order
II. Approval of Minutes – November 23, 2015
III. Public Comment
IV. Selection of an Investment Consultant – Marquette Associates, Inc.
V. EMS/Ambulance Service Fees
VI. City Council/Staff Comments
VII. Adjournment
During the Public Comment portion of the agenda, the presiding officer shall recognize any
person requesting to be heard on any of the planning session agenda items only. Persons speaking
during Public Comment shall not speak longer than three (3) minutes and shall be permitted to
speak only once.
Visitors must remain quiet and not engage in behavior that interferes with the Planning Session.
The presiding officer may, or upon a majority vote of the council, request any visitor who violates
any provision of this paragraph to leave the council chambers, and such visitor shall thereupon
leave.
Any person providing public comment shall address the presiding officer only and shall not
proceed with remarks until recognized. When recognized, the person shall state his or her name
and address. Cross floor discussions are prohibited. If a member of the City Council has questions
of any person who has provided public comment, that person may address the specific question.
Robert R Lehnl]ordt
Director of Finance
Memorandum
To: Honorable Mayor and City Council
Date: January 5, 2016
Re: Selection of an Investment Consultant — Marquette Associates, Inc.
Background
The City issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) soliciting qualified firms to provide investment
consulting services and portfolio performance monitoring services for the City’s operating
funds. Challenges exist for the City’s investmeit portfolio with interest rates still near their 60-
year lows. Short-term rates and real yields (yields after inflation) on some fixed income
investments are close to zero. Asset allocation remains a primary driver of investment returns.
Engaging the expertise of an investment consultant to assist with asset allocation will help to
optimize the City’s investment returns.
Scope of Services
The City’s expectation of the investment consultant is to provide a recommendation of an
investment strategy, in compliance with Illinois Compiled Statutes, to meet the City’s daily cash
flow needs (liquidity), minimize risk (safety), and maximize earnings (return). The consultant
will provide the following services:
1. Review of Current Investment Policy and Guidelines. The City Investment Policy was last
updated in September, 2005. The investment consultant will provide initial and ongoing
advice and technical support in the refinement of the investment policy objectives, goals
and asset allocation parameters in order to comply with Federal and Illinois Compiled State
Statutes and to maximize return on investment.
2. Selection of Investment Manager(s). The consultant will assist the City in selecting an
investment manager(s), including but not limited to:
a. Assist in the preparation of the Request for Proposal for these services.
b. Review submitted proposals.
c. Review qualifications of investment manager candidates.
d. Arrange and participate in investment manager candidate interviews.
e. Perform due diligence on investment managers under consideration.
f. Assist with the final selection of investment manager.
Page lof 3
3. Performance Monitoring and Evaluation of Investment Manager. The consultant will
provide performance monitoring and evaluation of the external investment manager,
including but not limited to:
a. Implementation of investment strategy.
b. Actual performance to benchmark(s).
c. Adherence to investment management contract.
d. Compliance with City’s investment policy.
e. Organizational stability.
f. Should underperformance be identified or anticipated within the portfolio, the
investment consultant will recommend corrective action and participate in the
implementation of the recommendation.
4. Performance Reporting of Investment Portfolio. The consultant will provide quarterly
investment portfolio performance reports, including but not limited to:
a. An analysis and summary of the most recent events in the financial markets.
b. An analysis of the allocation of the City’s investments across asset classes and/or
managers and changes in that allocation.
c. A review of the investment results of manager(s), funds and asset classes in the
context of their objectives and benchmarks, along with specific commentary on
factors affecting performance.
5. Meeting attendance. Attend quarterly meetings with the Director of Finance and City staff
to discuss portfolio performance and the investment program.
Evaluation of Proposals
The City received eight (8) proposals to the Request for Proposal (RFP). The proposals were
evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Qualifications of the Firm. The firm’s experience in managing investment portfolios for
governmental institutions, including public funds in Illinois and the experience of the
personnel that will be assigned to the City.
2. Approach. The firm’s investment management philosophy, strategies for adding value to
portfolios and strategy for selecting investment managers.
3. Samples of Work. The firm’s reporting capabilities and types of reports that would be
provided to the City.
4. Cost of Services and Fees.
Based on the evaluation criteria and evaluation of the proposals, three (3) firms were selected
for an interview: Marquette Associates, Inc., Graystone Consulting (a business of Morgan
Stanley Smith Barney, LLC), and PFM Asset Management, [[C. Following the interview process,
it was determined that Marquette Associates, Inc. and Graystone Consulting were both
qualified and capable of providing the services requested. PFM Asset Management, [[C
expressed their desire to be both the investment consultant and the investment manager for
the City.
Annual
Firm Cost
Graystone Consulting $ 29,500
Marquette Associates, Inc. $ 30,000
PFM Asset Management LLC $ 45,000
Page2of3
Recommendation
Marquette Associates was the final selection based on: their sole focus as an independent
investment consulting firm, familiarity with Illinois Compiled Statutes, and experience with
Illinois public funds, including those of the City of Naperville and Wheaton Firefighters Pension
Fund.
At the January 11, 2016 Planning Session, Marquette Associates, Inc. will make a presentation
on their proposal and answer any questions for the City Council.
Page 3 of 3
Investment Stewardship Guidance
fl
sr MarquetteAssociates
Paul Marchese, Assistant Vice President
M a rq u ette At a G lance
Client Breakdown by Assets
• Founded in 1986 High Net Worth (1%)
Corporate (6%)
V
• Headquartered in Chicago
• Over $128B under advisement
As of September3a 2015
Taft-Hartley (29%) Nonprofit &
Healthcare (20%)
• 100% employee owned
• Sole focus is investment consulting
Public (44%)
• 23rd largest consulting firm
As of June 30, 2014 per P&/DaLIy
Data as of 9/30/15
•r MarquetteAssociates City of Wheaton J December 11, 2015 2
Why Choose an Independent Consultant?
• No broker/dealer
• No soft dollars
a No money management
a No investment management database fees
a No cross selling
a No SEC issues
100% Independent
Absence of Conflicts = Alignment of Interests
5
2
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CityofWbeat l
onJDecernbe rfl I 3
We Provide Conflict-Free Advice
“Is consulting your (or your affiliat&s) only No Yes
source of revenue?”
“Do you (or your affiliate) earn trading Yes No
commissions?”
“Do you (or your affiliate) get paid by outside Yes No
managers?”
“Are you (or your affiliate) tied to other Yes No
service providers?”
“Do you recommend your (or your affiliate’s) Yes No
own investments?”
Read the SECAD V forms
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015
•r MarquetteAssociates
100% Conflict Free Advice
1
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August 26, 201S
City of Wheaton
303W. Wesley Street
Wheaton, IL 60187
Re: Conflict of Interest Disclosure
To the City Council of Wheatori:
V\/e vv i II si g n a I ette r Recently there has been much discussion of potential conflicts of interest created
by investment consulting firms and their affiliated parties accepting fees, in hard or
• soft dollars, from investment management firms. The concern is that accepting
a consulting firm’s independence when
rev e n u e d i Sc I cs u re
A key element of Marquette’s consulting philosophy is to only accept money from
our clients. We do not have a Broker/Dealer, do not accept soft dollars, do not
receive investment manager database fees, and do not receive investment
fees. 100% of our revenue is derived from our investment
• U n I q u e I n t H e I n d u St ry
We welcome the increased scrutiny that is being focused on the consultant
community. It is our hope that clients will recognize trust is more easily achieved
when an organization is acting solely in the best interest of its clients, and its
source of revenue reflects that. It is also our hope that consultants are forced to
. disclose, in detail, these additional sources of revenue so clients can more easily
• Nc i e n re ye n ii e judge their consultant’s “objectivity”.
We have and will continue to provide completely objective investment advice to
each of our clients bated on their unique circumstances. We believe this type of
advice and service is valued at a premium in the marketplace.
As always, we appreciate your trust in us and greatly value our relationship.
If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact me,
Sincerely,
Brian Wrubel
President & CEO
I. T City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 5
•r MarquetteAssociates
Differentiating Factors
• True independent consultant providing conflict free advice
• Familiarity with Illinois compiled statutes
• Stability and depth of professional team
• Client-focused internal culture
• Accessibility to firm-wide resources
• Rigorous, thoughtful & timely research
• Transparent, clear, and detailed reporting
MarquetteAssociates City of Wheaton December 11, 2015
Clients Come First
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015
•r MarquetteAssociates
Public Clients
City of Kirkwood (1989) Municipal Employees of Chicago (2008)
Denver Regional Transportation District (1991) Rockford Firefighters (2008)
Champaign Firefighters (1997) Milwaukee County (2009)
Peoria Police (1998) City of Naperville (2010)
Franklin Park Firefighters (1999) Illinois College Savings Pools (2010)
Rockford Police (1999) Springfield Police & Firefighters (2010)
Elgin Police (2000) Aurora Firefighters (2011)
Freeport Firefighters (2000) Aurora Police (2011)
Orland Firefighters (2000) Pittsburgh Comprehensive Municipal (2011)
Elgin Firefighters (2002) Wheaton Firefighters (2011)
Oak Park Firefighters (2002) Elk Grove Firefighters (2013)
Downers Grove Firefighters (2003) Elk Grove Police (2013)
Downers Grove Police (2003) Illinois Education Association (2013)
Rolling Meadows Police (2003) Illinois International Port District (2013)
Waukegan Firefighters (2003) Metropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority (201 3)
Waukegan Police (2003) Pontiac Police & Fire (2013)
Intergovernmental Risk Management Agency (2004) Village of Rosemont (2013)
Arlington Heights Firefighters (2006) Chicago Heights Police & Fire (2014)
Cincinnati Retirement (2006) Chicago Transit Authority (2014)
Freeport Police (2006) Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Chicago (2014)
Lake Forest Police (2006) City of Elgin (2014)
Naperville Firefighters (2006) Joliet Police (2015)
Naperville Police (2006) Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (201 5)
Fort Wayne Regional Transportation (2006) Milwaukee County Transit System (2015)
Park Employees of Chicago (2007) Orland Police (2015)
City of Baltimore (2008) Park Ridge Firefighters (2015)
It L not known whether the //5tecl clients approve or &approve of the servies pro vic/ecl Marquette Associates Inc.
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 8
•r MarquetteAssociates
__
How We Serve Our Clients
30% Women, 23% Minority
LEADERSHIP
.
Brian Wrubel Tim Fallen, CIMA® Tim Burdick, CFA Brett Christensen, CFA, CFP Karissa McDaniel
President & CEO Managing Director Managing Director Managing Director Chief Operating Officer
CONSULTING
Consultants I Analysts
Neil Capps Uli Park lmran Zahid
Brian Wrubel Tim Fallon, CIMA® Tim Burdick, CFA
Tom Latzke Stephanie Beranek
Alex G. Fisher Lynnette Keller
Brett Christenson, CFA, CFP Glenn Ross
Mary Mussett Sharon Trask
Nichole Roman-Bhatty, CIMA® Tim Hamann Brian Goding Mike Ni
Jose Sanchez Ryan Marks
Miguel Zarate Doug Oest, CAIA David Smith, CFA Jesus Jimenez
Lisbet Salinas Matt Martin
James Weaner, CFA Mike Piotrowski, CAIA Kweku Obed, CFA, CAIA Colleen Hyland Alberto Rivera Michael Maldonado
Tom Salemy, CFA, CAIA David Wernecke Chris Caparelli, CFA
Ross Williams Rogan Quinn Jessica Shamshura
Paul Marchese Mike Spychalski, CAIA Eric Gaylord, CFA
Adam Melone Adrian Pyk Matt Anderson
RESEARCH OPERATIONS
Karlssa McDaniel - Tim Hamann
Greg Leorilserg.r, FSA. EA, MAAA P KelilSchrad., CMA
Chief Operating Officer Chef Compliance Officer
Director of Research Director of Manager Search
Nat Kellogg, CFA Jeremy Dubin Hanan Hines Rita Cirullo
Associate Director of Research Director of Finance & Human Resources Executive Assistant to the
Accounting Manager President
Ben Mohr CFA David Hemandez Olu Rosanwo, CAIA
Gustavo Rodriguez Courtney Hugger Nicole Buttron
Fixed Income International Equities Real Assets
Staff Accountant Marketing Operations Executive Assistant
Rob Britenbach, CIPM Jeremy Zirin, CAIA Jeff Hoffmeyer Manager
U.S. Equities Alternatives Asset Allocation Chris Dufour Administrative Assistants
Applications Architect Melissa Gyurcsik Donise Reitz
Julianna Paterra Jeff Lynch Jil Froelich Marketing Operations Courtney Cox
Real Estate Real Estate YJT Solutions Coordinator Staci Washington
Data Analyst
(Outsourced IT) Clare Vernon
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015
ir MarquetteAssociates
Consulting Team
Primary Consulting Team
Collaborate, monitor portfoiio, lead projects, attend meetings, and respond to requests
Paul Marchese (Consultant) Doug Oest, CAIA (Consultant)
Michael Ni (Client Analyst)
Investment Committee Research Department
Consultants and research analysts collaborate Traditional investments
Draw upon group’s broad experience Alternative investments
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 10
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Carefully
Researched
Guidance
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 11
r MarquetteAssociates
Marquette Associates Research Team
Greg Leonberger, FSA, Kelli Schrade, CAIA Nat Kellogg, CFA
EA, MAAA Director of Manager Research, Associate Director of Research
Director of Research, Managing Partner Focus: Alternatives
Managing Partner • BA. English, Kenyon College • B.A. History, Middlebury College
• B.S. Mathematics & Economics, • M.B.A., Finance, University of North • M.B.A., Northwestern University
University of Notre Dame , —
Carolina Chapel Hill Kenan-Flagler J.L. Kellogg School of Management
• M.B.A., Analytic Finance, Business School (In Progress)
-
University of Chicago Booth
Ben Mohr, CFA David Hernandez Olu Rosanwo, CAIA
Senior Research Analyst Senior Research Analyst Senior Research Analyst
Focus: Fixed Income Focus: International Equity Focus: Real Assets
• BA. Finance, DePaul University • BA. Economics, University of Chicago
• B.S. Economics, C.l.T
• M.B.A., Financial Analysis, M.B.A. Analytic Finance, University of
• M.B.A, Finance & Accounting,
-
Chicago Booth School of Business
-
University of Chicago Booth DePaul University Kellstadt
School of Business
Rob Britenbach, CIPM Jeremy Zirin, CAIA Jeff Hoffmeyer, CFA
Research Analyst Research Analyst Asset Allocation Analyst
Focus: U.S. Equity Focus: Alternatives
• BA. Finance, Marquette University
• B.S. Economics, University of • B.S. Finance, Northern Illinois • Passed all three levels of CFA
Illinois at Chicago University Exam and completing work
• MS. Economics, University of experience requirement
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Julianna Paterra Jeff Lynch Jil Froelich
Research Data Analyst Focus: Real Estate Advisory Focus: Real Estate Advisory
• Over 25 years of industry • Over 20 years industry experience
• B.S. Molecular Genetics with a
experience • Specializes in project
minor in Business, The Ohio management of real estate
• Background includes
State University
commercial, institutional, development projects across
hospitality, industrial, and retail multiple industries
real estate projects nationwide
BK City of Wheaton December 11,2015 12
•r MarquetteAssoCiates
Marquette’s Research Process
CLIENT
INDEPENDENT ASSET CLASS INVESTMENT INVESTMENT
RESEARCH REVIEWS MANAGERS PORTFOLIOS
Macroeconomic Risk/Return 4 Phase Review Constructing
Characteristics successful
Regional Ongoing Due portfolios
Constraints Diligence
Asset Class Managing Risk
Level Opportunities Opportunity to Parameters
add Value
Investment Delivering
Style Results
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 13
• MarquetteAssociates
Research Committees
Capital markets research and trends
Investment • Impact on asset allocation
Committee
• Evaluates and selects the best managers in:
- U.S. equities
Traditional
Investment - Non-U.S equities
Committee - Fixed income
• Evaluates and selects the best managers in:
Alternative
- Hedge Funds - Private Equity
Investment
Cornmittee - Real Estate - Infrastructure
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 14
•r MarquetteAssociates
A Thorough Process
Initial Quantitative Document Full Firm Ongoing
Evaluation Review Review Evaluation Due Diligence
II G I’ II
— Product viability and relevance
1. Initial evaluation
— Risk/reward measures, fees
2. Quantitative review
— From RFIs to SEC letters
3. Document review
— Including on-site visits
4. Full firm evaluation
— Quarterly reviews, etc
5. On-going due diligence
Cit; of Wheato ecernber 11; 2015 15
P MarquetteAssociates
Manager Meetings by Asset Class
Average of 9 meetings per business day
2014 Totals
U
1 S Equity
Fixed Income
IL 259 International Equity
166 Hedge Fund
Private Equity
255 Real Assets
131 Misceflaneous
Total 1811
On-Sites 103
I. City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 16
•r MarquetteAssociates
A Well-Documented Process
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Product Info
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Product Name: F’iI,hLIrst Intitutionil Ltd. Product Vehicles: +Add !4ew dit elete Fees
Manager: Coibin Capital VehicleType Name1icker/Description
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Limited Partners,,. Pinehurstlnstitutional Ltd. Class B
Backup Analyst: Zirin, Jeremy Inception Date: 01.01.2002
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Asset Class: Hedge Fund of Fund- Mu[tr-Strate Auditor: PricewaterhouseCoopes
Sub Style: sn Ast Ciss Sub Sty/e Administrator: State Street Bank & Trust
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a. City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 17
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Client-Focused Research and Education
• Accessibility of Research Team
• White Papers
• Position Papers
• In vestment Perspectives •
.,_
I.
• Webinars I
• ChartoftheWeek
• Market Environments
;
-
• Annual Investment Symposium
October 16, 2015
City of Wheaton Decemberll,2015 18
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Portfolio
Structure
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 19
•r MarquetteAssociates
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4.0% 2.1%
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Market Timing
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Other
Source: Gary P. Brinson, Brian D. Singer, and Gilbert L. Beebower, “Determinants of Portfolio Performance II: An Update,” Financial Analysts
Journal, May/June 1991.
I. City of Wheaton
J December 11, 2015 j 22
ip MarquetteAssociates
Objectives for Operating Portfolio
• Security of Principal — Achieving security means
protecting the invested principal amount.
• Liquidity —
Achieving liquidity means placing an
investment in an instrument which allows the investor
access to some or all of the invested amount
whenever necessary.
• Yield — Maximizing yield means generating the
greatest possible return on investment.
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 23
MarquetteAssociates J
I . I C)
-
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0
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w C c CL)
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Three Point
I nvest iii e nt
Approach
B. City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 25
• MarquetteAssociates
Three-Point investment Approach
Risk Quality Cost
Asset Allocation Investment Systems Review Fee Negotiation
investment Policy Portfolio Monitoring Transition Oversight
Client & Fiduciary Education Investment Manager Search
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 26
r MarquetteAssociates
Getting Started - Investment Systems Review
Historical Analysis implementation
4 Diagnostic Review
v’ Policies and Procedures 1 Observations 1 Define Priorities
‘ Cash Flow Derrar ds Recomrrendations .j Establish Schedule
Performance Attribution , Strategic lnuestrrent Plan / Coordinate Transition
‘ Cost Assessment
4—6 weeks 2—3weeks 1—2 weeks
Seamless transition, completely managed by our team
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 27
MarquetteAssociates J
Next Steps
• Execute investment consulting contract
• Determine cash flow needs
• Conduct asset allocation study
• Solicit bids for custody/banking
• Approve asset allocation/draft investment policy
guidelines
• Perform investment manager search
• Choose managers/implement target portfolio
of Wheaton December 11, 2015 28
I, MarquetteAssociates
The sources of information used in this report are believed to be reliable. Marquette Associates,
Inc. has not independently verified all of the information and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
Opinions, estimates, projections and comments on financial market trends constitute our
judgment and are subject to change without notice. References to specific securities are for
illustrative purposes only and do not constitute recommendations. Past perFormance does not
guarantee future results.
About Marquette Associates
Marquette Associates is an independent investment consulting firm that guides institutional
investment programs with a focused three-point approach and careful research. For more than 25
—
years Marquette has served this mission in close collaboration with clients enabling institutions
to be more effective investment stewards. Marquette is a completely independent and 100%
employee-owned consultancy founded with the sole purpose of advising institutions. For more
information, please visit www.marquetteassociates.com.
P MarquetteAssociates City of Wheaton T December 11, 2015 29
Biographies
Paul Marchese, Assistant Vice President
• Lead investment consultant on client relationships
• OverlO years of industry experience
• Focus on public fund and Taft-Hartley clients
• Prior to Marquette, Analyst, The Northern Trust Company
• B.S. Finance, Purdue University
• M.S. Finance, University of Notre Dame Mendoza College of
Business
• Member, CFA Institute and CFA Society of Chicago
• Member, Chicago Council on Global Affairs
City of Wheaton December 11, 2015 30
MarquetteAssociates
MEMORANDUM
TO: Record
FROM: Susan Bishel, Public Relations Coordinator
SUBJECT: Jan. 11, 2016 City Council Planning Session Minutes
DATE: Jan. 12, 2016
CC: Mayor and City Council, City Manager, City Clerk, Department Heads
The Planning Session took place in the Council Chambers, Wheaton City Hall, 303 W. Wesley
St., Wheaton, Illinois. Those attending the Planning Session included: Mayor Gresk,
Councilwoman Fitch, Councilman Prendiville, Councilman Rutledge, Councilman Saline,
Councilman Scalzo and Councilman Suess. Also in attendance were City Manager Rose,
Assistant City Manager Dzugan, Director of Finance Lehnhardt, Fire Chief Schultz, and Public
Relations Coordinator Bishel. The session began at 7:01 p.m. and concluded at 8:15 p.m. The
following items were discussed:
I. Call to Order
The Wheaton City Council Planning Session was called to order at 7:01 p.m. by Mayor Gresk.
II. Approval of Nov. 23, 2015 Planning Session Minutes
The Council approved the Nov. 23, 2015 Planning Session Minutes.
III. Public Comment
There were no public comments.
IV. Selection of an Investment Consultant – Marquette Associates, Inc.
Director of Finance Lehnhardt stated the City issued a request for proposal soliciting qualified
firms to provide investment consulting and portfolio performance monitoring services for the
City’s operating funds. The goal is to engage the expertise of an investment consultant to assist
with asset allocation and optimizing the City’s investment returns.
The scope of services for the consultant will include: 1) reviewing the current investment policy
and guidelines, 2) helping the City select an investment manager(s), 3) monitoring and
evaluating the performance of the investment manager, 4) reporting on the investment
portfolio’s performance, and 5) attending meetings with City staff to discuss portfolio
performance and investments.
The City received eight proposals and evaluated the responses based on qualifications,
approach, samples of work, and costs of services and fees. City staff selected three consultants
for interviews and recommends the City select Marquette Associates based on their
qualifications and familiarity with state statutes that apply to the City’s investments.
In response to a Council question, Director of Finance Lehnhardt stated the investment
consultant would have oversight of approximately $50-55 million.
Paul Marchese of Marquette Associates made a presentation to the Council. Mr. Marchese
stated the Chicago-based consulting firm has approximately 250 clients, 44% of which are
public funds. The company oversees finances for municipalities including Naperville and Elgin
and for the Wheaton Firefighters Union.
In response to Council questions, Mr. Marchese stated the firm charges a flat retainer fee of
$30,000 per year.
Mr. Marchese stated the company has 68 employees, and the City would have direct access to
the firm’s research department. He reviewed their process for selecting investment managers
and the type of reporting they would provide. He stated their key objectives are security and
liquidity. The consultant would work to find the greatest yield for the City without a lot of risk, and
its focus would be on selecting investment managers that best meet the City’s needs.
In response to a Council question about the type of gain the City could have made over the past
year if it had used an investment consultant’s services, Mr. Marchese stated depending up on
the City’s investments, he would have expected a gain of approximately 3%-4% over the past 5
years, compared with approximately 1.5%.
In response to a Council question about how Marquette Associates holds the investment
managers they select accountable, Mr. Marchese stated they are in frequent contact with
managers, and if they are not performing to the level Marquette Associates expects, they have a
four-step notification system ranging from putting managers on alert up to termination, if
necessary.
Mr. Marchese answered a Council question about investment managers by stating the City
should have a minimum of two investment managers for risk and performance purposes, and
each manager would manage $20 million.
Mr. Marchese outlined what the next steps would be if Marquette is selected as an investment
consultant. They would develop an investment management contract; determine the cash flow
needs of the City and allocations over time; determine the type of return they might be able to
expect over time; perform an investment manager search; and provide monitoring services.
In response to a Council question, Mr. Marchese stated whenever there is a change in
investment managers or allocations, Marquette would analyze the investment policy guidelines,
which are always subject to the City Council’s approval.
The City Council expressed interest in selecting Marquette Associates as an investment
consultant. City Manager Rose stated City staff will prepare a contract for the Council’s formal
consideration at an upcoming City Council meeting.
V. EMS/Ambulance Service Fees
1/11/16 Planning Session 2
Assistant City Manager Dzugan stated the City last increased EMS/ambulance service rates in
2011, establishing a policy of collecting user fees equivalent to 70% of the City’s EMS program
costs. The remaining portion of the program has been funded by the City’s General Fund. City
staff sought the City Council’s direction as to whether it would like for the fees collected to cover
100% of the program’s costs. Such a change would make the program funding more like an
enterprise fund, in which fees cover the total cost of a program or service.
In response to questions about previous Council funding decisions, Assistant City Manager
Dzugan stated the user fees previously only covered 50% of the program costs, so the City
most likely selected the 70% funding level as a transition step from 50% to 100% funding
through user fees.
Fire Chief Schultz stated EMS/ambulance service billing is provided by Andres, a subcontractor
of the EMS/ambulance service.
In response to a Council question, Assistant City Manager Dzugan stated the amount the
patient will be required to pay might or might not increase, depending upon their insurance. He
stated that the amount that Medicare and Medicaid will reimburse the City for service will not
change; the City writes off the amount it has to pay to make up the difference between what
Medicare/Medicaid will pay the City and the established rate amount. Assistant City Manager
Dzugan stated there are several other factors that also could affect the amount the City will
receive in the future, such as the National Healthcare Act, which may reduce call volume.
Assistant City Manager Dzugan stated currently the City’s General Fund is paying about
$400,000 annually to fund EMS/ambulance services.
City Council members expressed interest in moving toward having fees cover 100% of the
program’s costs.
City staff stated they would provide the Council with more information about different options
using different scenarios.
VI. City Council/Staff Comments
There were no City Council/staff comments.
VII. Adjournment
The meeting was adjourned at 8:15 p.m.
1/11/16 Planning Session 3
e iriorandiirn ?IicI,aeI G.
Assistant City Manager
TO: The Honorable Mayor and City Council
DATE: JANUARY 6, 2016
SUBJECT: EMS/AMBULANCE PROGRAM FEES
OBJECTIVE
In anticipation of evaluating current EMS/ambulance service rates (“Fees”), review to
confirm or revise current policy established to set Fees Fees should raise sufficient revenue
—
to fund 70% of the City’s EMS program costs. The City last increased Fees in May 2011.
HISTORY/BACKGROUND
In 1986, the City initiated a City funded ambulance program. At the program’s initiation,
Fees were established based upon costs, and surveying fees of other local municipalities and
fire protection districts. At some point prior to 2011, a policy was established to capture 50%
of the program’s cost through Fees. In a review of Fees in 2011, the City Council established
a policy that Fees should fund 70% of the City’s EMS program costs. The 70% revenue/cost
ratio was established at the time to move closer to having the EMS program be funded more
like an enterprise fund which provides for fees or charges to cover the total cost of a program
or service, e.g., water and sewer funds.
The City, through contract, invoices users of the EMS services based upon the type of service
delivered, plus a mileage amount for the distance to the hospital (payment is made only when
transported). The Fee structure is different for residents and non-residents, with non-
residents assessed a higher Fee. The resident/non-resident Fee differential is rooted in the
concept that residents are funding 30% of the cost of thç EMS program through local taxes
and therefclre shouldbe assessed a lesser Fee.
There are also different Fees for the four types of medical service levels Advanced Life
-
Support (ALS), representing 60% of call volume; Basic Life Support (BLS), representing
22% of call volume; Non-Transport/Refusals, representing 16% of call volume; and
Advanced Life Support II (ALS II) representing 1% of call volume. These four types of
service levels match the Medicare/Medicaid Fee Schedule used by the federal government
and insurance companies.
Fee Pay Source Distribution Pay Sources of Fees are private insurance, patients,
-
Medicare, and Medicaid. Figure 1, Fee Pay Distribution, shows the gross charges and
amount of revenue collected by the City for each of these Pay Sources in the 2014 calendar
year. During 2014, which is very typical of the City’s collection history, the City collected
63% of the gross charges. Uncollected Fees are mainly attributed to Medicare and Medicaid
regulations which restrict the amount of ambulance rates that are reimbursable under law. So
regardless of the Fee established by the City, the City will only receive the
Medicare/Medicaid rate approved by the federal government from those individuals qualified
under Medicare/Medicaid. The Medicare/Medicaid rates are provided in Appendix A.
Figure 1
Fee Pay Distribution
Non Resident Mutual Aid
Non Resident Gross . Mutual Aid
Resident Gross Resident Gross
Charges Collected
Collected Charges Collected Charges
Medicare $81.988 $40,131 $504,729 $401,139 $22,697 $14,007
Medicaid $86.71 I $19,275 $143.490 $54,660 $6,334 $1,778
Private Ins. $257,938 $210,074 $341,330 $292,889 $17,761 $14,097
Bill Patient $120,358 $21,745 $122,455 $20,950 $12,660 $1,262
TOTAL $546,995 $291,225 $1,112,004 $769,638 $59,452 $31,144
Revenue and Expenditure History In 2011 (FY 201 1-12), the City increased Fees with
—
the goal of funding at least 70% of the program’s costs through Fees. Figure 2, History
Revenues/Expenditures, provides 10 years of history of audited revenues, expenditures and
the percentage of expenditures recouped.
Figure 2
History Revenues/Expenditures
Fiscal Year Revenues Expenditures % of Cost
2005-06 $686,417 $1,212,634 56.61%
2006-07 $667,441 $1 .289.277 51.77%
2007-08 $665,088 $1,355,475 49.07%
2008-09 S77 1,898 $1 ,405.563 54.92%
2009-10 $890,18a ‘. $1,535,395 57.98%
2010-Il $890,118 $1,589,621 56.00%
2011-12 $1,128,668 $1,460,367 77.29%
2012-13 $1,097,546 $1,480,458 74.14°/o
2013-14 $l,060.776 $1,531,381 69.27%
2014-15 $1,209,184 $1,573,995 76.82%
2015-16 $1,100,000 (est.) $1,617,689 (est.) 67.99%
Fee Survey Figure 3, Fee Survey, shows that the City’s Fees are below the average or
—
median fees charged by other municipalities especially in the Residents category. ALS calls
make up sixty percent of call volume, the City’s current Resident ALS Fee is 50% less than
the average and Non-Resident ALS Fee is 16% less than the average.
Figure 3
Fee Survey
No
RESIDENT BLS ALS ALS II Transport Mileage
Average $624 $791 $971 $137 $11.20
Median $550 $700 $925 $100 $10
Wheaton $444 $527 $763 $75 $10
NON-RESIDENTS
No
NONRESIDENT BLS ALS ALS II Transport Mileage
Average $790 $995 $1,189 $194 S11.90
Median $797 $970 $1,150 $162 $10.25
Wheaton $700 $860 $1,000 $150 $11.00
Data is from Andres Aledical, June 24, 2015, who provides collection
selTicesjor a number of municipal entities and provides collection for the
City as a subcontractor (0 kiut:. A detailed list of the municipalities
included in the survey is provided in Appendix B.
ANALYISIS/RECON’IMENDATION
The City last increased EMS/ambulance service rates (Fees) in 2011. The City Council’s
current policy regarding Fees, raise sufficient revenue to fund 70% of the City’s
EMS/ambulance program costs, has been achieved since increasing Fees in 2011. Currently,
it is estimated for the 2015-16 fiscal year the established ratio will be met. However, when
the City’s Fees are compared to other municipal Fees within the area, the City’s Fees are
below the average or median, and in the case of Resident Fees are significantly below in all
three major categories (BLS, ALS, ALS 11).
Using the 70% revenue/cost ratio places a funding demand on General Fund revenues to
cover the difference. Over the last few fiscal years, this difference has been over $400,000.
It may be appropriate to consider establishing a higher revenue/cost ratio in an effort to
reduce the revenue demand on the General Fund to fund thi difference. The City Council
may want to consider establishing the ratio at 100°/s, so the EMS program would be operated
like a true enterprise fund similar to the City’s water and sewer funds.
The Staff believes a fee structure could be developed to achieve the 100% ratio. Since there
are a number of factors that affect Fee revenue (maximum Medicare/Medicaid approved rates
being most significant), the Staff would provide further analysis with the 100% ratio being
the goal and presenting fee structure options to the City Council within 60 days.
3
APPENDIX A
Medicare Ambulance Fee Schedule 2015 (Maximum Allowable Amounts)
IL Locality 15 Urban
- -
Code Service Description Rate Effective Date
Ground mileage, per
A0425 Mileage statute mile $7.27 1/1/2015
Ambulance service,
advanced life support,
emergency transport, level
A0427 ALS I - Emergency 1 $446.66 1/1/2015
Ambulance service, basic
life support, emergency
A0429 BLS - Emergency transport $376.13 1/1/2015
Advanced life support, level
A0433 ALS II 2 $646.48 1/1/2015
Medicaid Ambulance Fee Schedule 2015 (Maximum Allowable Amounts)
DuPage County
Code Service Description Rate Effective Date
Ground mileage, per
A0425 Mileage statute mile $2.63 7/1/2015
Ambulance service,
advanced life support,
q
emergency transport, level
A0427 ALS I - Emrgency 1 $180.71 7/1/2015
Ambulance service, basic
life support, emergency
A0429 BLS - Emergency transport $111.48 7/1/2015
Advanced life support, level
A0433 ALS Il 2 $180.71 7/1/2015
4
COMPARABLE AMBULANCE RATES
RESIDENTS NON-RESIDENTS
A152 Milage No Transport BLS ALS AL52 Milage No Transport
DepartmentlOrganization BIS ALS
$16.00 $1,275.00 $1,650.00 $2,100.00 $16.00 (-)
Addison FED $1,275.00 $1,650.00 $2,100.00 (-)
$1100.00 $13.00 $850.00 $1,200.00 $1,700.00 $15.00 (-)
Bloomirigdale FPD $650.00 $850.00 (-)
$8.50 $650.00 $750.00 $925.00 $8.50 $175.00
Buffalo Grove FD $475.00 $550.00 $700.00 (-)
$850.00 $10.00 $500.00 $700.00 $850.00 $10.00 (-)
Carol Stream FD $500.00 $700.00 (-) j
$9.50 $616.00 $847.00 $901.00 $9.50
Downers Grove FD $508.00 $677.00 $731.00 (-) JI
$920.00 $8.24 $797.00 $902.00 $1,190.00 $13.06
Elk Grove Village FD $535.00 $641.00 (-j
$16.00 $125.00 $850.00 $1,250.00 $1,350.00 $16.00 $150.00
Elmhurst FD $750.OQ $1,150.00 $1,250.00
$15.00 (-) $910.00 $1,097.00 $1,181.00 $18.00 (-)
Glen Ellyn FD $725.00 $904.00 $962.00
$10.25 $200.00 $625.00 $725.00 $975.00 $10.25 $400.00
Hanover Park FD $625.00 $725.00 $975.00 J LI
U) $8.32 $654.09 $758.74 $1,020.37 $10.92 (-)
Hoffman Estates FD $371.07 $440.64 $637.77 (-) j
$15.00 $100.00 $700.00 $1,000.00 $1,200.00 $15.00 $200.00
Lisle-Woodridge FPD $350.00 $550.00 $750.00
$10.00 $110.00 $750.00 $970.00 $1,100.00 $11.00 $120.00
Lombard FD $440.00 $580.00 $700.00 j
$100.00 $817.28 $944.80 $1,130.30 $8.28 $100.00
Naperville FD $562.25 $689.78 $944.80 $8.28
$800.00 , $900.00 $10.00 (-)
$550.00 $700.00 $800.00 $10.00 (-) $650.00
Oak Brook FD
$950.00 $15.00 (-) $650.00 $1,150.00 (-)
Park Ridge FU $500.00 $700.00 I $950.00
$10.00 $100.00 $825.00 $1,000.00 $1,150.00 $10.00 $100.00
St. Charles FD $615.00 $800.00 $925.00
$9.62 $100.00 $840.00 $1,120.00 $1,330.00 $9.62 $100.00
Warrenville, FD $532.00 $672.00 $910.00
$10.00 $100.00 $800.00 $1,000.00 $1,200.00 $10.00 $300.00
West Chicago, FPD $650.00 $800.00 $1,000.00
$300.00 $1,250.00 $1,250.00 $1,250.00 $10.00 $300.00
Winfield FPD $1,250.00 $1,250.00 $1,250.00 $10.00
$137.22 $789.97 $995.50 $1,189.61 $11.90 $194.50
Average $624.39 $791.02 $971.35 $11.20
$10.00 $100.00 $797.00 $970.00 $1,150.00 $10.25 $162.50
Median $550.00 $700.00 $925.00 4
$75.00 $700.00 $860.00 $1,000.00 I $11.00 $150.00
Wheaton FD $444.00 $527.00 $763.00 $10.00
MEMORANDUM
TO: Record
FROM: Susan Bishel, Public Relations Coordinator
SUBJECT: Nov. 23, 2015 City Council Planning Session Minutes
DATE: Dec. 1,2015
CC: Mayor and City Council, City Manager, City Clerk, Department Heads
The Planning Session took place in the Council Chambers, Wton City Hall, 303 W. Wesley
St., Wheaton, Illinois. Those attending the Planning SessionA1ed: Mayor Gresk,
Councilwoman Fitch, Councilman Prendiville, Councili Councilman Saline,
Councilman Scalzo and Councilman Suess. Also in re City Manager Rose,
Assistant City Manager Dzugan and Director of Fir The session began at 7:00
p.m. and concluded at 8:26 p.m. The following
I. Call to Order
The Wheaton City Council Planning Session Mayor Gresk.
II. Approval of Oct. 26, 2015 Ph
The Council approved the Oct. 26,
Ill. Public Comment
Joseph Mahady, 927 taxes over the past 10
years have ir ler not increasing the
property tax levy and
IV. Tax
City ral recommended options for deciding
on the must apThve in December. Due to uncertainty created
by the difficult time making a recommendation for the 2015
tax levy.
While the City at the same level for the past five years, City Manager Rose
stated several into account this year, including a likely two-year property
tax freeze by the State, vhich would freeze 31% of the City’s General Fund revenue at 2015
levy year levels.
The State also has proposed cutting LGDF money to municipalities by half, which would result
in a loss of $2,600,000 annually, or eliminating LGDF money entirely. LGDF represents
approximately 13% of the City’s General Fund revenue. In addition, the major revenue sources
in the General Fund have been relatively flat, and City Manager Rose stated there are limited
options in dealing with lost or frozen revenue sources, such as increasing the home rule sales
tax or instituting other additional taxes. He stated expenditure reduction by a significant amount
would be difficult due to the personnel and program reductions that occurred in 2007-08.
City staff presented several options for the City Council to consider. Alternative 1 would
increase the levy by approximately 2.4% to fund police and fire pension increases. Alternative 2
would not increase the tax levy but would use General Fund reserves to fund increases for the
police and fire pensions. Alternative 3 would increase the levy for the police and fire pensions
plus an additional $300,000 in General Fund revenues so that if the State freezes the property
tax levy and/or reduces the income tax distributions, the City will have a higher tax levy to work
with going forward. Alternative 4 increases the levy for police and fire pensions plus an
additional $500,000 in General Fund revenues. Alternative 4 would require the City to have a
public hearing on the proposed levy, since the levy increase would be greater than 5%.
City Manager Rose stated he believes it might be wise for to select an option that gives
the City more financial leeway in case the State’s actio cantly impact the City’s revenue
sources.
Two Council members expressed an interest ich would not raise
the tax levy, as they expressed that they doi to homeowners
through an increase in taxes.
Other City Council members expre iue to the
probability that the State could signi
abate taxes if the State’s actions did
One Council member
In response to a C0L of an increse in taxes that residents would
incur if Alternative 3 or Director of Finance Lehnhardt stated for
a prop 48 annually with Alternative 3 and $61
annw
In r of Finance Lehnhardt stated the General Fund
reserve irces, including reducing healthcare costs, the
reduction in several years ago, significant real estate transfer tax
revenues, and projects.
The majority of the
City Manager Rose outlined a number of other areas where the City may need to use some
General Fund reserves in the near future, including upcoming roadwork projects, stormwater
improvements and implementation of the Downtown Plan.
In response to a Council question, Director of Finance Lehnhardt stated Milton Township is
reassessing all properties in the township, but he has not received any information predicting
how the assessed values will compare to the previous year.
11/23/15 Planning Session 2
V. City Council/Staff Comments
Councilman Rutledge acknowledged the passing of Bill Black, who was a former chair of the
Planning & Zoning Board.
Mayor Gresk acknowledged the passing of Mary Lubko, a longtime community volunteer who
advocated for senior services.
VI. Closed Session: Personnel Employment Contract 5ILCS 12012(c)(1)
—
Councilman Scalzo moved and Councilman Suess seconded that the Wheaton City Council
adjourn to closed session at 8:13 p.m. for the purpose of discuino Personnel Employment
—
Contract 5ILCS 120/2(c)(1).
Roll Call Vote:
Ayes: Councilman Scalzo
Councilman Suess
Mayor Gresk
Councilwoman Fitch
Councilman Prendi
Councilman Rul
Councilman Saline
Nays: None
The ing at 8:26 p.m.
The
11/23/15 Planning Session 3