Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular MeetingAntioch, CA · June 3, 2024
Minutes
CITY OF ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
REGULAR MEETING
AMENDED MINUTES
Regular Meeting June 3, 2024
6:30 p.m. City Council Chambers
1. CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL
Chairperson Thurston called the meeting to order at 6:31 P.M. on Monday, June 3, 2024, in
Council Chambers. Acting City Clerk Rosales called the roll.
Present: Commissioners Lacey-Oha, Hadden, May, Spears, Williams and Chairperson
Thurston
Absent: Vice Chairperson Taylor
Staff: Acting City Manager, Brad Helfenberger
Interim Police Chief. Brian Addington
City Attorney, Thomas Lloyd Smith
Acting City Clerk, Vanessa Rosales
2. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
Chairperson Thurston led the Pledge of Allegiance.
3-1 APPROVAL OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION MEETING
MINUTES OF MAY 6, 2024
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Hadden the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously approved the minutes of May 6, 2024.
3-2 APPROVAL OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION MEETING
MINUTES OF MAY 20, 2024
On motion by Commissioner Williams, seconded by Commissioner May the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously continued the minutes of May 20, 2024.
4. PUBLIC COMMENTS
The Commission received general public comments from Frank Sterling and Kathryn Wade.
Commissioner May requested public comments be moved to after Interim Police Chief Brian
Addington’s Report, when more community members would be present to participate.
Chairperson Thurston responded that the Commission would discuss this request under Future
Agenda Items.
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Regular Meeting
June 3, 2024 Page 2 of 7
5. NEW BUSINESS
5-1 INTERIM POLICE CHIEF BRIAN ADDINGTON’S REPORT
A. Staff Presentation/Update – The Active Bystandership for Law Enforcement (ABLE)
Program
Interim Police Chief Addington provided a staffing update. He announced he would not be
presenting the Active Bystandership for Law Enforcement (ABLE) Program this evening since
he was not the subject matter expert. He stated it would be removed from the agenda and come
back at a future meeting.
B. Public Comment
The Commission received public comment from an individual who spoke on the staffing update.
C. Discussion and Direction
Interim Police Chief Addington provided responses to inquiries from the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission (APOC) regarding the staffing update.
Commissioner May commended the Antioch Police Department (APD) for their response to
recent sideshows and spoke in support of Council approving stronger sideshow penalties.
Commissioner Williams requested staff provide badge numbers for APD officers.
Chairperson Thurston thanked Interim Police Chief Addington for the report.
Commissioner May moved to reopen agenda Item #4 Public Comment and Commissioner
Williams seconded the motion.
Commissioner Lacey-Oha stated she had an additional question on the staffing update.
A substitute motion was made by Commissioner Williams, seconded by Commissioner May to
complete Agenda Item 5-1 and following the close of this agenda item, reopen Public Comment.
The motion unanimously passed by the Antioch Police Oversight Commission members present.
Interim Police Chief Addington provided additional responses to inquiries from the APOC
regarding how he selected who spoke on his behalf on various subject matters.
4. PUBLIC COMMENTS – Continued
The Commission received additional general public comments from several individuals
including: Nichole Gardner, James Herard, Lift Up Contra Costa, Teki Flow and Keith Brown.
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
June 3, 2024 Page 3 of 7
5-2 FORMATION OF AD HOC COMMITTEES
A. Staff Presentation
City Attorney Smith presented the staff report dated June 3, 2024, recommending that the
Antioch Police Oversight Commission: a. Adopt the resolution forming the Community
Engagement Ad Hoc Committee for a term of 6 months with Commissioners __________,
__________, and _____________ as members. b. Adopt the resolution forming the Policy Ad
Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with Commissioners __________, __________,
and _____________ as members. c. Adopt the resolution forming the Use of Force Ad Hoc
Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with Commissioners __________, __________, and
_____________ as members. d. Adopt the resolution forming the Budget Ad Hoc Committee for
a term of 6 months with Commissioners __________, __________, and _____________as
members. e. Adopt the resolution forming the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and Hiring Process
Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with Commissioners __________,
__________, and _____________ as members.
B. Public Comment
The Commission received public comments from individuals who spoke on the Formation of Ad
Hoc Committees.
Commissioner Lacey-Oha reviewed the purpose of the Community Engagement Ad Hoc
Committee.
Commissioners Williams, Lacey-Oha and May volunteered to serve on the Community
Engagement Ad Hoc Committee.
On motion by Commissioner Williams, seconded by Commissioner Spears the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously adopted the resolution forming the
Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee for a term of six (6) months with Commissioners
Williams, May, and Lacey-Oha as members.
Commissioner Hadden reviewed the purpose of the Policy Ad Hoc Committee.
Chairperson Thurston announced Vice Chairperson Taylor and himself volunteered to serve on
the Policies and Procedures Ad Hoc Committee.
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously adopted the resolution forming the
Policies and Procedures Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with
Commissioners Taylor and Thurston as members.
Commissioner Williams reviewed the purpose of the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee.
Commissioners Spears, Williams and Lacey-Oha volunteered to serve on the Use of Force Ad
Hoc Committee.
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
June 3, 2024 Page 4 of 7
On motion by Commissioner Spears, seconded by Commissioner May the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously adopted the resolution forming the Use
of Force Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with Commissioners Spears,
Williams and Lacey-Oha as members.
Commissioner Spears reviewed the purpose of the Budget Ad Hoc Committee.
Commissioners May and Hadden volunteered to serve on the Budget Ad Hoc Committee.
On motion by Commissioner Spears, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously adopted the resolution forming the
Budget Ad Hoc Committee for a term of six (6) months with Commissioners May and Hadden as
members.
Commissioner May reviewed the purpose of the Complaints, Internal Affairs and Hiring Process
Ad Hoc Committee.
Commissioners Williams, Hadden and May volunteered to serve on the Complaints, Internal
Affairs and Hiring Process Ad Hoc Committee.
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Lacey-Oha the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously adopted the resolution forming the
Complaints, Internal Affairs, and Hiring Process Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12)
months with Commissioners Williams, Hadden, and May as members.
In response to the Commission, City Attorney Smith explained that the Commission could
determine the Ad Hoc Committees’ meeting format now or break out after the meeting in Ad Hoc
Committees to discuss this matter.
The following items were identified by the Commission as subject matters for each Ad Hoc
Committee to consider:
Process for subject matter referrals from Commissioners
Establish lead spokesperson
Establish meeting days, times and locations
Determine who will participate
Establish objectives and outline of report out
Determine what if anything is needed from City staff
Following discussion, Commission consensus agreed that each Ad Hoc meet to identify their
next steps and report back at the next Commission meeting with an outline.
6. UPCOMING/ FUTURE AGENDA ITEMS
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
June 3, 2024 Page 5 of 7
A. Public Comment
The Commission received public comment from an individual who spoke on Upcoming/Future
Agenda Items.
Discussion ensued regarding Commissioner May’s concerns about the City’s sideshow
ordinance with Commissioner May stating that she, on behalf of herself, would bring her
concerns and recommendations to the City Council.
A motion was made by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Williams to bring back
the following agenda items 1) Presentation on Field Training Officers (FTO) program, 2) Antioch
Police Department equity training, 3) Officer involved shooting protocols, 4) Communication
dissemination to the community, 5) Ongoing types of training and frequency of training, and 6)
Presentation from the Public Safety and Community Resources Department on the Angelo
Quinto Community Response Team (AQCRT) and the violence prevention efforts. The motion
failed by the following vote:
Ayes: May, Williams, Thurston
Noes: Spears
Abstain: Lacey-Oha, Hadden
Absent: Taylor
On motion by Commissioner Spears, seconded by Commissioner Hadden the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present approved referring future agenda items over to the
appropriate Ad Hoc Committee.
On motion by Commissioner Spears, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously referred the following future agenda
items to the identified Ad Hoc Committees:
Complaints, Internal Affairs and Hiring Process Ad Hoc Committee.
Antioch Police Department (“APD”) equity training
Community participation in oral boards and promotions
Officer Involved Shooting (“OIS”) protocols
Communication dissemination to the community
APD response to crisis calls
APD current staffing and organization assignments
Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee
Ongoing types of training and frequency of the training
APD definition of reasonable suspicion and how it is monitored
APD definition of reasonable cause and how it is monitored
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
June 3, 2024 Page 6 of 7
Policies and Procedures Ad Hoc Committee
APD policy for police officer mental health
APD pier support program
Moral ethics board
Public spaces lighting concerns
The previous motion also included that the following presentations would remain as future
Commission agenda items:
Presentation on Field Training Officer (FTO) program and meet and greet with officers
Presentation from the Public Safety and Community Resources Department on the
Angelo Quinto Community Response Team (“AQCRT”) and the violence prevention
efforts
Chairperson Thurston requested adding APOC Report Out to the APOC agenda and limiting it
to 3 minutes on policing issues.
In response to Commissioner May, Chairperson Thurston stated that Commissioner Reports
could include comments on community events provided all comments adhered to the APOC
Ordinance.
A motion was made by Commissioner May to add the Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Report Out at the end of the agenda.
Following discussion, Commissioner May amended her previous motion as follows:
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously approved adding the following additional
Antioch Police Oversight Commission Agenda Item at the end of the agenda:
Antioch Police Oversight Commissioner Reports (limited to three minutes)
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously approved adding the following additional
Antioch Police Oversight Commission Agenda Item to the agenda prior to Upcoming / Future
Agenda Items:
Ad Hoc Committee Reports
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously moved the following agenda item to
follow Interim Police Chief Addington’s Report:
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
June 3, 2024 Page 7 of 7
Public Comments
Commissioner Hadden left the meeting at 8:35 P.M.
A motion was made by Commissioner Williams to agendize a presentation on actions taken
during homeless encampment sweeps. The motion was seconded by Commissioner May;
however, following discussion, Commissioner May withdrew her second stating she believed this
item should be moved to the Policies and Procedures Ad Hoc Committee.
Commissioner Lacey-Oha seconded the motion. The motion failed by the following vote:
Ayes: Lacey-Oha, Thurston
Noes: Williams, May, Spears
Absent: Taylor, Hadden
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Williams the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously referred Homeless Encampment
Removal Procedures to the Policies and Procedures Ad Hoc Committee.
Following discussion, Interim Police Chief Addington stated he would provide a report on mental
health calls for service at the next APOC meeting.
7. STAFF COMMUNICATIONS – None
8. NEXT MEETING DATE – June 17, 2024, at 6:30 P.M.
Chairperson Thurston announced the next APOC meeting would be held at 6:30 P.M. on June
17, 2024.
9. ADJOURNMENT
On motion by Chairperson Thurston, seconded by Commissioner May the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission members present unanimously adjourned at 8:45 P.M.
Kitty Eiden
KITTY EIDEN, Minutes Clerk
Agenda
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
AGENDA
Date: Monday, June 3, 2024
Time: 6:30 P.M.
Place: Antioch City Hall – Council Chambers
200 H Street
Antioch, CA 94509
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSIONERS
Harry Thurston, Chairperson
Porshe Taylor, Vice Chairperson
Treva Hadden
Alicia Dianne Lacey-Oha
Leslie May
Mahogany Spears
Devin Williams
Staff Liaison: Kwame P. Reed, Acting City Manager
Thomas Lloyd Smith, City Attorney
Brian Addington, Interim Police Chief
Commission meetings are live streamed at:
https://www.antiochca.gov/government/boards-commissions/#section-apoc.
Please see the inside cover for detailed Speaker Rules.
ACCESSIBILITY: In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and California law, it is
the policy of the City of Antioch to offer its public programs, services and meetings in a manner
that is readily accessible to everyone, including individuals with disabilities. If you are a person
with a disability and require information or materials in an appropriate alternative format; or if you
require any other accommodation, please contact the ADA Coordinator at the number or address
below at least 72 hours prior to the meeting or when you desire to receive services. Advance
notification within this guideline will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to ensure
accessibility. The City’s ADA Coordinator can be reached @ Phone: (925) 779-6950, and e-mail:
publicworks@antiochca.gov.
PLEASE TURN OFF CELL PHONES BEFORE ENTERING MEETING LOCATION.
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION’S PURPOSE
The purpose of the Commission is to advise the City Council, City Manager, and Chief of Police
on the administration of the Antioch Police Department and on matters of public safety within the
City of Antioch to ensure that the Antioch Police Department's policies, practices, and customs
conform to national standards of constitutional policing. [Ordinance No. 2212-C-S, adopted May
24, 2022: https://www.antiochca.gov/fc/posc/posc-ord-2212.pdf].
NOTICE OF OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
This agenda is a summary of the discussion items/actions proposed to be taken by the Antioch
Police Oversight Commission. The public has the opportunity to address the Commission on
each agenda item. The Commission can only take action on items that are listed on the agenda.
Comments regarding matters not on this Agenda may be addressed during the "Public
Comments" section on this agenda. No one may speak more than once on an agenda item or
during “Public Comments”. Please see the Speaker Rules on the inside cover of this Agenda
for information on public participation.
AGENDA
1. CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL
2. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
3-1. APPROVAL OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION MEETING
MINUTES OF MAY 6, 2024
Recommended Action: It is recommended that the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission approve the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission Meeting Minutes of May 6, 2024.
3-2. APPROVAL OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION MEETING
MINUTES OF MAY 20, 2024
Recommended Action: It is recommended that the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission continue the Meeting Minutes.
4. PUBLIC COMMENTS
Members of the public are given the opportunity to address the Commission on an
item that is not on the agenda; up to three (3) minutes. If there are several speakers,
the amount of time allotted may be modified at the Chairperson’s discretion.
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION [1] JUNE 3, 2024
5. NEW BUSINESS
5-1. INTERIM POLICE CHIEF BRIAN ADDINGTON’S REPORT
The Police Chief (or designee) will provide an update on information relevant to
the mission, purpose, and work of the Antioch Police Oversight Commission.
A. Staff Presentation/Update
The Active Bystandership for Law Enforcement (ABLE) Program
B. Public Comment
C. Discussion and Direction
5-2. FORMATION OF AD HOC COMMITTEES
A. Staff Presentation
B. Public Comment
Recommended Actions: It is recommended that the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission:
a. Adopt the resolution forming the Community Engagement Ad Hoc
Committee for a term of 6 months with Commissioners __________,
__________, and _____________ as members.
b. Adopt the resolution forming the Policy Ad Hoc Committee for a term of
twelve (12) months with Commissioners __________, __________, and
_____________ as members.
c. Adopt the resolution forming the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee for a term
of twelve (12) months with Commissioners __________, __________, and
_____________ as members.
d. Adopt the resolution forming the Budget Ad Hoc Committee for a term of 6
months with Commissioners __________, __________, and _____________
as members.
e. Adopt the resolution forming the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and Hiring
Process Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with
Commissioners __________, __________, and _____________ as members.
6. UPCOMING/ FUTURE AGENDA ITEMS
The Commission will engage in a working session to discuss and determine agenda
items for the upcoming Commission meeting, and to agree on a list of agenda
items to be discussed on future agendas. The Commission will work on creating a
list of agenda items for future meetings.
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION [2] JUNE 3, 2024
7. STAFF COMMUNICATIONS
Staff may provide an update on information relevant to the mission, purpose, and work
of the Antioch Police Oversight Commission.
8. NEXT MEETING DATE – June 17, 2024, at 6:30 p.m.
9. ADJOURNMENT
After Staff Communications, the Chairperson/Vice Chairperson will make a motion to
adjourn the meeting. A second motion is required, and then a majority vote is required
to adjourn the meeting.
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION [3] JUNE 3, 2024
CITY OF ANTIOCH
ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
REGULAR MEETING
Regular Meeting May 6, 2024
6:30 p.m. City Council Chambers
I. CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL
Chairperson Thurston called the meeting to order at 6:30 P.M. on Monday, May 6, 2024, in Council
Chambers. Acting City Clerk Rosales called the roll.
Present: Commissioners Lacey-Oha, Hadden, May, Spears, Williams, and Chairperson
Thurston
Absent: Vice Chairperson Taylor (arrived at 6:33 P.M.)
Staff: Acting City Manager, Kwame Reed
City Attorney, Thomas Lloyd Smith
Interim Police Chief, Brian Addington
Assistant City Clerk, Christina Garcia
Acting City Clerk, Vanessa Rosales
II. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
Chairperson Thurston led the Pledge of Allegiance.
III. APPROVAL OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION MEETING
MINUTES OF APRIL 15, 2024
A motion was made by Commissioner Williams and seconded by Commissioner Lacey-Oha to
approve the minutes of April 15, 2024.
Vice Chairperson Taylor arrived at 6:33 P.M.
Chairperson Thurston stated that while the minutes were accurate, he would prefer that they
include more details regarding the public comments received.
Commission Lacey Oha agreed with Chairperson Thurston.
Assistant City Clerk Garcia explained that the Clerk’s office prepared summary minutes of
actions taken by the Commission.
A vote taken on the previous motion to approve the minutes of April 15, 2024, passed by the
following vote:
Ayes: Hadden, May, Spears, Williams, Taylor Noes: Lacey-Oha, Thurston
IV. NEW BUSINESS
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
May 6,2024 Page 2 of 5
1. INTERTIM POLICE CHIEF ADDINGTON’S REPORT
A. Staff Presentation – Staffing Update
Interim Police Chief Addington provided an update on Antioch Police Department (APD) staffing.
B. Public Comment
The Commission received public comments from individuals who spoke on the update on APD
staffing including Eddie Gums.
C. Discussion and Direction
Interim Police Chief Addington provided responses to inquiries from the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission (APOC) regarding APD staffing.
Chairperson Thurston thanked Interim Police Chief Addington for the report.
2. FORMATION OF AD HOC COMMITTEES
City Attorney Smith presented the staff report dated May 6, 2024, recommending that the Antioch
Police Oversight Commission: 1) Determine if it wishes to form the following ad hoc committees
and, if so, define the purpose of each ad hoc committee: a. Community Engagement, b. Policy,
c. Use of Force, d. Budget and e. Complaints, Internal Affairs, and Hiring Process. 2) Confirm
the appointment of 2 - 3 members for each of the ad hoc committees, 3) Confirm the duration of
each of the following ad hoc committees and 4) Adopt the resolutions forming the ad hoc
committees.
Public Comment
The Commission received public comments from individuals who spoke on the Formation of Ad
Hoc Committees including Nichole Gardner, Facing Homelessness.
Following discussion, the APOC consensus supported the formation of an Ad Hoc Committee to
work on the purposes for each of the identified Ad Hoc Committees.
On motion by Vice Chairperson Taylor, seconded by Commissioner May the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission unanimously appointed Commissioner Spears and Commissioner
Hadden to the Ad Hoc Committee to define the purpose for each of the identified Ad Hoc
Committees for a period of two-weeks.
Discussion ensued regarding the identified Ad Hoc Committees, the APOC provided the
following feedback to staff:
a. Community Engagement
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
May 6,2024 Page 3 of 5
Composition of Ad Hoc - three members
Commissioners Lacey-Oha, Williams and Thurston expressed interest in serving on this
Ad Hoc Committee
Duration to be determined
b. Policy
Composition of Ad Hoc - three members
Commissioners Lacey-Oha, Hadden and Taylor expressed interest in serving on this Ad
Hoc Committee
Duration to be determined
c. Use of Force
Composition of Ad Hoc - three members
Commissioners Lacey-Oha, Hadden, May, Spears and Williams expressed interest in
serving on this Ad Hoc Committee
Duration to be determined
d. Budget
Composition of Ad Hoc - three members
Commissioners Hadden, Taylor, May, Spears, Williams and Thurston expressed interest
in serving on this Ad Hoc Committee
Duration to be determined
e. Complaints, Internal Affairs, and Hiring Process
Composition of Ad Hoc - three members
Commissioners Lacey-Oha, Hadden, Taylor, May, Williams and Thurston expressed
interest in serving on this Ad Hoc Committee
Duration to be determined
3. COMMISSION ACTION ITEM: COMMISSION TO CONSIDER AND SET A MEETING
END TIME
A. Public Comment
The Commission received public comments from individuals who spoke on the Commission to
Consider and Set a Meeting End Time.
B. Discussion and Direction
A motion was made by Commissioner May and seconded to set a meeting end time.
City Attorney Smith commented that if approved, an end time should be identified in the motion.
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
May 6,2024 Page 4 of 5
A substitute motion was made by Commissioner Williams, seconded by Commissioner Lacey-
Oha to set a meeting end time of 9:30 P.M. with the option to extend to 10:00 P.M. by motion.
Following discussion, Commissioner Williams amended his previous motion as follows:
On motion by Commissioner Williams, seconded by Commissioner Lacey-Oha the Antioch
Police Oversight Commission unanimously set a meeting end time of 9:30 P.M. with the option to
extend indefinitely by motion.
It was mentioned that meetings could end prior to 9:30 P.M.
V. PUBLIC COMMENTS
The Commission received general public comments from several individuals including Erika
Raulston and Nicole Gardner.
VI. UPCOMING/ FUTURE AGENDA ITEMS
The Commission received public comments from several individuals who spoke on Upcoming /
Future Agenda Items including Nichole Gardner, Sara, Nicole Arrington and Tiki Flow.
Discussion ensued regarding the APOC members’ priorities for future agenda items. There was
a consensus to direct staff to bring back for the next meeting the formation of the Ad Hoc
Committees and a presentation of the APOC Ordinance.
City Attorney Smith responded that he would give a presentation of the Ordinance regarding the
duties and powers of the APOC.
On motion by Commissioner Williams, seconded by Vice Chair Taylor the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission unanimously approved the following items for the next agenda:
Formation of Ad Hoc Committees
Presentation of Antioch Police Oversight Commission Ordinance
VII. STAFF COMMUNICATIONS
Chairperson Thurston requested staff provide the APOC with updated rosters and include the
districts or groups represented. He also requested the roster and copy of the ordinance be
available at future APOC meetings.
Commissioner Williams requested name badges for Commissioners.
Vice Chairperson Taylor requested a digital copy of the APD Manual.
VIII. NEXT MEETING DATE – May 20, 2024, at 6:30 P.M.
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
Regular Meeting
May 6,2024 Page 5 of 5
Chairperson Thurston announced the next meeting would be held at 6:30 P.M. on May 20, 2024.
IX. ADJOURNMENT
On motion by Commissioner May, seconded by Commissioner Hadden the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission unanimously adjourned at 9:19 P.M.
Kitty Eiden
KITTY EIDEN, Minutes Clerk
STAFF REPORT TO THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
DATE: Regular Meeting of June 3, 2024
TO: Honorable Chairperson and Members of the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission
SUBMITTED BY: Thomas Lloyd Smith, City Attorney TLS
SUBJECT: Formation of Ad Hoc Committees
RECOMMENDED ACTION
It is recommended that the Antioch Police Oversight Commission:
• Adopt the resolution forming the Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee for
a term of 6 months with Commissioners __________, __________, and
_____________.
• Adopt the resolution forming the Policy Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve
(12) months with Commissioners __________, __________, and
_____________ as members.
• Adopt the resolution forming the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee for a term of
twelve (12) months with Commissioners __________, __________, and
_____________ as members.
• Adopt the resolution forming the Budget Ad Hoc Committee for a term of 6
months with Commissioners __________, __________, and _____________ as
members.
• Adopt the resolution forming the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and Hiring Process
Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months with Commissioners
__________, __________, and _____________ as members.
FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact for this item.
DISCUSSION
At its May 20, 2024 meeting, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission requested an
agenda item for its June 3, 2024 meeting concerning the formation of the following ad
hoc committees with the following purposes and terms:
5-2
Item #
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
June 3, 2024 Agenda Item #5-2 2
(1) Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee (6-month term)
The purpose of the Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee shall be to
develop and recommend, in conjunction with the Chief of Police and the City
Manager, educational programs regarding policing in Antioch and community
outreach events, such as town hall meetings, forums to communicate
information about neighborhood watch programs, and events designed to
encourage safety and emergency preparedness.
(2) Policy Ad Hoc Committee (12-month term)
The purpose of the Policy Ad Hoc Committee shall be to study, develop and
recommend community policing and alternative crime prevention polices
and strategies to the Chief of Police, City Manager, City Attorney and City
Council, assess and make recommendations regarding the role of social
services in public safety; review and make recommendations to the Antioch
Police Oversight Commission on policies, procedures, customs, and general
orders of the Antioch Police Department.
(3) Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee (12-month term)
The purpose of the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee shall be to review and
make recommendations to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission on the
Antioch Police Department’s Use of Force policies and procedures, use of
canines and de-escalation techniques; review and assess instances where
law enforcement officers have used force to ensure accountability,
transparency and adherence to the established protocols and standards.
(4) Budget Ad Hoc Committee (6-month term)
The purpose of the Budget Ad Hoc Committee shall be to review the City
Council’s proposed budget, advise whether budgetary allocations for the
Police Department are aligned with the Police Department’s policies and
procedures, ensure that the budget adequately supports the goals of the
oversight body, including promoting transparency, and community
engagement.
(5) Complaints, Internal Affairs, and the Hiring Process Ad Hoc Committee
(12-month term)
The purpose of the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and the Hiring Process Ad
Hoc Committee shall be to review and make recommendations to the Antioch
Police Oversight Commission on the Antioch Police Department’s Internal
Affairs policies and procedures including but not limited to hate crimes or
biased-based policing; Complaint policy and procedures that focus on
publicly available information concerning the status of civilian complaints and
data regarding police use of force; demographics of individuals stopped,
searched, or arrested. Collaborate with the Chief of Police, City Manager,
and City Attorney to develop a program for the mediation of civilian
complaints. In addition, the committee shall review and make
recommendations to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission on the
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
June 3, 2024 Agenda Item #5-2 3
Antioch Police Department’s policies, procedures and data regarding
training, the hiring process, and demographics of the Antioch Police
Department officers and staff.
The Antioch Police Oversight Commission seeks to form ad hoc committees to
address specific issues that require immediate attention. Ad hoc committees are
temporary committees formed for a specific purpose consisting of less than a quorum
of the commission and are not subject to the Brown Act. Ad hoc committees are
expected to complete their work within a limited period of time. The term of an ad hoc
committee is generally six (6) months to (1) year and then the committee is dissolved.
The Commission will select three or less members for each ad hoc committee. Once
formed, each ad hoc committee will develop specific objectives aligned with its purpose
and report those objectives to the Commission.
ATTACHMENTS
A. Resolution: Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee
B. Resolution: Policy Ad Hoc Committee
C. Resolution: Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee
D. Resolution: Budget Ad Hoc Committee
E. Resolution: Complaints, Internal Affairs, and the Hiring Process Ad Hoc
Committee
ATTACHMENT A
RESOLUTION NO. 2024/**
RESOLUTION OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION TO FORM THE
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AD HOC COMMITTEE
FOR A PERIOD OF SIX (6) MONTHS
WHEREAS, on April 15, 2024, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission requested
that City staff prepare a resolution establishing a Community Engagement Ad Hoc
Committee (the “Ad Hoc Committee”);
WHEREAS, ad hoc committees are temporary committees for a specific purpose that
consist of less than a majority of the commission and are not subject to the Brown Act;
WHEREAS, the purpose of the Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee shall be
to develop and recommend, in conjunction with the Chief of Police and the City Manager,
educational programs regarding policing in Antioch and community outreach events, such
as town hall meetings, forums to communicate information about neighborhood watch
programs, and events designed to encourage safety and emergency preparedness;
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission plans to have the Ad Hoc
Committee report back to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission prior to and upon its
planned termination in six (6) months to determine if the Ad Hoc Committee should become
a standing committee on a specific subject matter on a continual basis, continue as an ad
hoc committee for a limited period of time to address a specific need or purpose, or be
terminated; and
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission seeks to confirm the
appointment of committee members to the Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Antioch Police Oversight Commission
of the City of Antioch hereby forms the Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee for a
term of six (6) months for the purpose of reviewing the City Council’s proposed budget,
advising whether budgetary allocations for the Police Department are aligned with the Police
Department’s policies and procedures, and ensuring that the budget adequately supports
the goals of the oversight body, including promoting transparency, and community
engagement.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that Commissioners __________, __________, and
___________ are appointed to the Community Engagement Ad Hoc Committee and shall
work to develop specific objectives for the committee and report back to the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission prior to and upon the ad hoc committee’s planned termination in six
months.
* * * * * * * * * * *
ATTACHMENT A
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing resolution was passed and adopted by the
Antioch Police Oversight Commission of the City of Antioch at a regular meeting thereof,
held on the 3rd day of June 2024, by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSTAIN:
ABSENT:
ELIZABETH HOUSEHOLDER
CITY CLERK OF THE CITY OF ANTIOCH
ATTACHMENT B
RESOLUTION NO. 2024/**
RESOLUTION OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION TO FORM THE
POLICY AD HOC COMMITTEE
FOR A PERIOD OF 12 MONTHS
WHEREAS, on April 15, 2024, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission requested
that City staff prepare a resolution establishing a Policy Ad Hoc Committee;
WHEREAS, ad hoc committees are temporary committees for a specific purpose that
consist of less than a majority of the commission and are not subject to the Brown Act;
WHEREAS, the purpose of the Policy Ad Hoc Committee shall be to study, develop
and recommend community policing and alternative crime prevention polices and strategies
to the Chief of Police, City Manager, City Attorney and City Council, assess and make
recommendations regarding the role of social services in public safety; review and make
recommendations to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission on policies, procedures,
customs, and general orders of the Antioch Police Department;
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission plans to have the Ad Hoc
Committee report back to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission prior to and upon its
planned termination in 12 months to determine if the Ad Hoc Committee should become a
standing committee on a specific subject matter on a continual basis, continue as an ad hoc
committee for a limited period of time to address a specific need or purpose, or be
terminated; and
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission seeks to confirm the
appointment of committee members to the Policy Ad Hoc Committee.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Antioch Police Oversight Commission
of the City of Antioch hereby forms the Policy Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12)
months for the purpose of reviewing the City Council’s proposed budget, advising whether
budgetary allocations for the Police Department are aligned with the Police Department’s
policies and procedures, and ensuring that the budget adequately supports the goals of the
oversight body, including promoting transparency, and community engagement.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that Commissioners __________, __________, and
___________ are appointed to the Policy Ad Hoc Committee and shall work to develop
specific objectives for the committee and report back to the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission prior to and upon the ad hoc committee’s planned termination in twelve
months.
* * * * * * * * * * *
ATTACHMENT B
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing resolution was passed and adopted by the
Antioch Police Oversight Commission of the City of Antioch at a regular meeting thereof,
held on the 3rd day of June 2024, by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSTAIN:
ABSENT:
ELIZABETH HOUSEHOLDER
CITY CLERK OF THE CITY OF ANTIOCH
ATTACHMENT C
RESOLUTION NO. 2024/**
RESOLUTION OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION TO FORM THE
USE OF FORCE AD HOC COMMITTEE
FOR A PERIOD OF 12 MONTHS
WHEREAS, on April 15, 2024, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission requested
that City staff prepare a resolution establishing a Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee;
WHEREAS, ad hoc committees are temporary committees for a specific purpose that
consist of less than a majority of the commission and are not subject to the Brown Act;
WHEREAS, the purpose of the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee shall be to review
and make recommendations to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission on the Antioch
Police Department’s Use of Force policies and procedures, use of canines and de-
escalation techniques; review and assess instances where law enforcement officers
have used force to ensure accountability, transparency and adherence to the established
protocols and standards;
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission plans to have the Ad Hoc
Committee report back to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission prior to and upon its
planned termination in 12 months to determine if the Ad Hoc Committee should become a
standing committee on a specific subject matter on a continual basis, continue as an ad hoc
committee for a limited period of time to address a specific need or purpose, or be
terminated; and
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission seeks to confirm the
appointment of committee members to the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Antioch Police Oversight Commission
of the City of Antioch hereby forms the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee for a term of
twelve (12) months for the purpose of reviewing the City Council’s proposed budget,
advising whether budgetary allocations for the Police Department are aligned with the Police
Department’s policies and procedures, and ensuring that the budget adequately supports
the goals of the oversight body, including promoting transparency, and community
engagement.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that Commissioners __________, __________, and
___________ are appointed to the Use of Force Ad Hoc Committee and shall work to
develop specific objectives for the committee and report back to the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission prior to and upon the ad hoc committee’s planned termination in twelve
months.
* * * * * * * * * * *
ATTACHMENT C
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing resolution was passed and adopted by the
Antioch Police Oversight Commission of the City of Antioch at a regular meeting thereof,
held on the 3rd day of June 2024, by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSTAIN:
ABSENT:
ELIZABETH HOUSEHOLDER
CITY CLERK OF THE CITY OF ANTIOCH
ATTACHMENT D
RESOLUTION NO. 2024/**
RESOLUTION OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION TO FORM THE
BUDGET AD HOC COMMITTEE
FOR A PERIOD OF SIX (6) MONTHS
WHEREAS, on April 15, 2024, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission requested
that City staff prepare a resolution establishing a Budget Ad Hoc Committee (the “Ad Hoc
Committee”);
WHEREAS, ad hoc committees are temporary committees for a specific purpose that
consist of less than a majority of the commission and are not subject to the Brown Act;
WHEREAS, the purpose of the Budget Ad Hoc Committee shall be to review the City
Council’s proposed budget, advise whether budgetary allocations for the Police Department
are aligned with the Police Department’s policies and procedures, ensure that the budget
adequately supports the goals of the oversight body, including promoting transparency, and
community engagement;
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission plans to have the Ad Hoc
Committee report back to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission prior to and upon its
planned termination in six (6) months to determine if the Ad Hoc Committee should become
a standing committee on a specific subject matter on a continual basis, continue as an ad
hoc committee for a limited period of time to address a specific need or purpose, or be
terminated; and
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission seeks to confirm the
appointment of committee members to the Budget Ad Hoc Committee.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Antioch Police Oversight Commission
of the City of Antioch hereby forms the Budget Ad Hoc Committee for a term of six (6)
months for the purpose of reviewing the City Council’s proposed budget, advising whether
budgetary allocations for the Police Department are aligned with the Police Department’s
policies and procedures, and ensuring that the budget adequately supports the goals of the
oversight body, including promoting transparency, and community engagement.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that Commissioners __________, __________, and
___________ are appointed to the Budget Ad Hoc Committee and shall work to develop
specific objectives for the committee and report back to the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission prior to and upon the ad hoc committee’s planned termination in six months.
* * * * * * * * * * *
ATTACHMENT D
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing resolution was passed and adopted by the
Antioch Police Oversight Commission of the City of Antioch at a regular meeting thereof,
held on the 3rd day of June 2024, by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSTAIN:
ABSENT:
ELIZABETH HOUSEHOLDER
CITY CLERK OF THE CITY OF ANTIOCH
ATTACHMENT E
RESOLUTION NO. 2024/**
RESOLUTION OF THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION TO FORM
THE COMPLAINTS, INTERNAL AFFAIRS, AND THE HIRING PROCESS AD HOC
COMMITTEE
FOR A PERIOD OF 12 MONTHS
WHEREAS, on April 15, 2024, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission
requested that City staff prepare a resolution establishing the Complaints, Internal Affairs,
and the Hiring Process Ad Hoc Committee;
WHEREAS, ad hoc committees are temporary committees for a specific purpose
that consist of less than a majority of the commission and are not subject to the Brown
Act;
WHEREAS, the purpose of the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and the Hiring Process
Ad Hoc Committee shall be to review and make recommendations to the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission on the Antioch Police Department’s Internal Affairs policies and
procedures including but not limited to hate crimes or biased-based policing; Complaint
policy and procedures that focus on publicly available information concerning the status
of civilian complaints and data regarding police use of force; demographics of individuals
stopped, searched, or arrested. Collaborate with the Chief of Police, City Manager, and
City Attorney to develop a program for the mediation of civilian complaints. In addition,
the committee shall review and make recommendations to the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission on the Antioch Police Department’s policies, procedures and data regarding
training, the hiring process, and demographics of the Antioch Police Department officers
and staff;
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission plans to have the Ad Hoc
Committee report back to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission prior to and upon its
planned termination in 12 months to determine if the Ad Hoc Committee should become
a standing committee on a specific subject matter on a continual basis, continue as an ad
hoc committee for a limited period of time to address a specific need or purpose, or be
terminated; and
WHEREAS, the Antioch Police Oversight Commission seeks to confirm the
appointment of committee members to the Policy Ad Hoc Committee.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Antioch Police Oversight
Commission of the City of Antioch hereby forms the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and the
Hiring Process Ad Hoc Committee for a term of twelve (12) months for the purpose
of reviewing the City Council’s proposed budget, advising whether budgetary allocations
for the Police Department are aligned with the Police Department’s policies and
procedures, and ensuring that the budget adequately supports the goals of the oversight
body, including promoting transparency, and community engagement.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that Commissioners __________, __________,
and ___________ are appointed to the Complaints, Internal Affairs, and the Hiring
Process Ad Hoc Committee and shall work to develop specific objectives for the
committee and report back to the Antioch Police Oversight Commission prior to and upon
the ad hoc committee’s planned termination in twelve months.
* * * * * * * * * * *
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing resolution was passed and adopted by
the Antioch Police Oversight Commission of the City of Antioch at a regular meeting
thereof, held on the 3rd day of June 2024, by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSTAIN:
ABSENT:
ELIZABETH HOUSEHOLDER
CITY CLERK OF THE CITY OF ANTIOCH
STAFF REPORT TO THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
DATE: Regular Meeting of June 3, 2024
TO: Honorable Chairperson and Members of the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission
SUBMITTED BY: Desmond Bittner, Police Lieutenant
APPROVED BY: Brian Addington, Interim Chief of Police
SUBJECT: Report on Updated Staffing Numbers
RECOMMENDED ACTION
At the Antioch Police Oversight Commission's request, the police department is providing
updated sworn staffing levels and the names of current sworn staff. It is recommended
that the Antioch Police Oversight Commission review the updated sworn police officer
staffing numbers listed.
FISCAL IMPACT
This report is an update on current Antioch Police Department sworn officer staffing
numbers. There is no direct fiscal impact because of this report.
DISCUSSION
The Antioch Police Department is currently authorized 115 sworn police officer positions.
The department currently has 75 sworn police officers and 40 vacant sworn police officer
positions. Of the 75 sworn police officers, 57 are actively working, and 18 are inactive.
See the current sworn police officer list below.
An asterisk (*) is next to the officers currently assigned as field training officers.
5-1
Item #
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
June 3, 2024 Agenda Item #5-1 2
RANK NAME STAT RANK NAME STATUS
US
Interim Chief Addington,Brian Active Officer Lassas,Brendan* Active
Acting Captain Vigil, Joseph Active Officer Lorono, Alejandro Active
Interim Captain Wentz, Patrick Active Officer Lundin, Ashley* Active
Lieutenant Bittner, Desmond Active Officer Marques, Shawn Active
Lieutenant Fortner, John Active Officer Molina, Marcos Active
Lieutenant Mellone, Michael Active Officer Morris, Geoffrey* Active
Acting Lieutenant Koch, Matthew Active Officer Mulholland,Matthew* Active
Sergeant Green, Robert Active Officer Nilsen, Erik* Active
Sergeant Gonzalez,Adrian Active Officer Pachan, Joshua Active
Sergeant Kendall, Price Active Officer Serna, Placido Active
Sergeant Lowther, Gary Active Officer Shaffer, Cole Active
Acting Sergeant Palma, Kristian Active Officer Shipilov, Nicholas Active
Acting Sergeant Whitaker, William Active Officer Smith, Kyle Active
Corporal Duggar, Scott Active Officer Tanguma, Cesar* Active
Officer Aguilar, Saul Active Officer Yega, Jefferson Active
Officer Allen, Ashley Active
Officer Angelini, Ricardo* Active Captain Morefield,Anthony Inactive
Officer Armstrong, Kyle Active Sergeant Bledsoe, Loren Inactive
Officer Bailey, Najee Active Sergeant Colley, James Inactive
Officer Becerra, Arturo Active Sergeant Stenger, James Inactive
Officer Carpenter, Ryan Active Corporal Brogdon, Casey Inactive
Officer Chandler, Joseph* Active Corporal McElroy, Steven Inactive
Officer Church, David Active Corporal Smith, Thomas Inactive
Officer CruzGuzman,Bryan Active Corporal Vanderpool, Jason Inactive
Officer Desiderio, James Active Officer Bushby, Brandon Inactive
Officer Donaldson,Travis Active Officer Crandell, Ashley Inactive
Officer Doownie,Jonathan* Active Officer Crites, Brittney Inactive
Officer Duffy, Adam* Active Officer Duff, Ryan Inactive
Officer Egan, Joshua* Active Officer Ewart, Jacob Inactive
Officer Fachner, Daniel* Active Officer Hoffman, Rick Inactive
Officer Geis, Ryan* Active Officer Hopwood, Daniel Inactive
Officer Gragg, Randall Active Officer Lenderman,Thomas Inactive
Officer Hill, Kyle Active Officer Solari, Robert Inactive
Officer Ibanez, Robert* Active Officer Summers, Mathew Inactive
Officer Jeong, Jiseok Active
Officer Jones, Trayjen Active
Officer Kawalya,Constantine Active
Officer King,Jacob Active
Officer Lara,Shirley Active
*Field Training Officer
ATTACHMENTS
None.
STAFF REPORT TO THE ANTIOCH POLICE OVERSIGHT COMMISSION
DATE: Regular Meeting of June 3, 2024
TO: Honorable Chairperson and Members of the Antioch Police
Oversight Commission
SUBMITTED BY: Kwame P. Reed, Acting City Manager
SUBJECT: List of Upcoming/Future Agenda Items
RECOMMENDED ACTION
It is recommended that the Antioch Police Oversight Commission discuss the list of future
agenda items and:
1) Determine the accuracy of the future agenda items.
2) Determine which future agenda items remain on the list for discussion at the
Commission level.
3) Determine which future agenda items are delegated to the appropriate ad hoc
committee.
FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact for this item.
DISCUSSION
The Antioch Police Oversight Commission has requested several future agenda items
since its first meeting. At the Commission’s May 20, 2024 meeting, the Commission
requested staff bring back an agenda item that identifies the list of future agenda items.
The list of items are as follows:
• Presentation on Field Training Officer (FTO) program and meet and greet with
officers
• Antioch Police Department (“APD”) equity training
• Community participation in oral boards and promotions
• Officer Involved Shooting (“OIS”) protocols
• Communication dissemination to the community
• Ongoing types of training and frequency of the training
• Presentation from the Public Safety and Community Resources Department on the
Angelo Quinto Community Response Team (“AQCRT”) and the violence
prevention efforts
6
Item #
Antioch Police Oversight Commission
June 3, 2024 Agenda Item#6 2
• APD response to crisis calls
• APD policy for police officer mental health
• APD pier support program
• APD current staffing and organization assignments
• APD definition of reasonable suspicion and how it is monitored
• APD definition of reasonable cause and how it is monitored
• Moral ethics board
• Public spaces lighting concerns
ATTACHMENTS
None
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